Geology Glossary

A deep valley with steep sides, typically wider than a gorge, formed by water erosion.

A natural underground chamber or passage, typically formed by the dissolution of limestone or other soluble rocks.

The height of a point above sea level, measured in meters or feet.

The process by which rock and soil are worn away by natural forces such as water, wind, ice, or gravity.

The process by which rivers cut down into bedrock, creating valleys and gorges over geological time.

The time period in Earth's history when a rock or geological feature formed, often measured in millions of years (Ma).

The study of landforms and the processes that shape them.

The process of ice formation and movement, including the effects of glaciers on the landscape.

A large mass of ice that moves slowly over land, formed from accumulated snow over many years.

A deep, narrow valley with steep sides, typically formed by water erosion cutting through rock.

A coarse-grained igneous rock composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica, formed from slowly cooled magma.

Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

A sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate, often formed from marine organisms.

Rock that has been transformed by heat, pressure, or chemical processes while remaining solid.

A large landform that rises prominently above its surroundings, typically with steep slopes and significant elevation.

The study of rocks, their composition, texture, and origin.

A sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized grains, typically cemented together by silica, calcium carbonate, or iron oxide.

Rock formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediments, often in layers.

The process of depositing sediments, typically in layers, by water, wind, or ice.

The study of rock layers (strata) and their relationships in time and space.

The vertical movement of Earth's crust due to tectonic forces, causing land to rise above sea level.

The process of magma and volcanic materials being extruded onto Earth's surface.

A mountain or hill with a crater through which lava, rock fragments, and gases are ejected.

A cascade of water falling from a height, formed when a river or stream encounters a sudden drop.